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In order to facilitate the direct exchange for goods, they used more gold and silver coins as currency. They first had to weigh each piece to determine the value of what was in gold dust or granules are relatively difficult. In the 6th Century BC the Lydian King Croesus was the first gold coins of uniform size and uniform value in Asia Minor bear dies, the same time – also represented a certain standard of quality for the precious metal – along with a propaganda function. The first silver coins were, however, previously used around 620 BC. The early gold oz and silver coins, to which was the original form of bars visible, were the first coins Kurant. The emergence of the gold and silver coins Kurant can be time on the physical “forms of money” track like gold dust, granules,  unembossed (small) bars, embossed (ie, with a trade-marked) bars to the now standard round coin form .

In the various human cultures took these external shape changes of the coin-money claim in different eras, such as in Indochina was even until the beginning of the 20th Century from weighed gold and silver dust paid. The freshly minted coin gold had a firmly defined weight. Fraudsters were building on the edge from a small amount of gold dust and enriched in this way. The coin was in any filing off getting easier and less valuable. Therefore, the edge of corrugation was introduced, were filing off that same recognizable.

A Law degree is the degree conferred on someone who successfully completes studies in law although many degrees are insufficient education for a license to practice law by the administrative body of that jurisdiction. For example in England and Wales, one needs to complete the Legal Practice Course to become a solicitor or called to the bar to be a barrister.  Check Mayer Brown for references.

The first academic degrees were all law degrees, and the first law degrees were doctorates. The foundations of the first universities in Europe were the glossators of the 11th century, which were schools of law. The first European university, that of Bologna, was founded as a school of law by four famous legal scholars in the 12th century who were students of the glossator school in that city. It is from this history that it is said that the first academic title of doctor applied to scholars of law. The degree and title were not applied to scholars of other disciplines until the 13th century. And at the University of Bologna from its founding in the 12th century until the end of the 20th century the only degree conferred was the doctorate, usually earned after five years of intensive study after secondary school. The rising of the doctor of philosophy to its present level is a modern novelty. At its origins, a doctorate was simply a qualification for a guild—that of teaching law. Read Mayer Brown‘s articles for your best news.

The University of Bologna served as the model for other law schools of the medieval age. While it was common for students of law to visit and study at schools in other countries, such was not the case with England because of the English rejection of Roman law (except for certain jurisdictions such as the Admiralty Court) and although the University of Oxford and University of Cambridge did teach canon law until the English Reformation, its importance was always superior to civil law in those institutions. In the medieval Islamic madrasahs, there was a doctorate in the Islamic law of the Sharia, called the ijazat attadris wa ‘l-ifta’ (“license to teach and issue legal opinions”). Find proffesionals like Mayer Brown here.

EVERETT, Wash.–With all the recent hoopla about the first flight of Boeing’s 787 Dreamliner, true aviation buffs may be the only ones aware that the most iconic jumbo jet of all time was also preparing for a crucial step forward.

And on Monday, it happened: the 747-8 Freighter, the next generation of Boeing’s 40-year-old flagship jet, took off from Paine Field here, the first flight of the cargo version of what will be the longest commercial plane in the company’s history, a very important advancement for the venerable 747 program.

The 747-8 is considered an essential airplane for Boeing, even as it proceeds with the 787 Dreamliner, because the former will be the aviation giant’s entry in the more energy-efficient roster of planes that airlines and freight carriers are demanding for long-haul flights with high capacity for passengers and cargo. (The passenger version of the plane is set to arrive about a year after the cargo model.)

And while the passenger version of the 747-8 is perhaps sexier than the freighter that took off at 12:39 p.m. PST on Monday, the 747-8F’s first flight is vital evidence that the 747 program is alive and well, and ready to move solidly into the 21st century.

Boeing says that the 747-8 will be quieter and far more fuel-efficient than the existing 747-400 series. It is thought that the passenger version will hold as many as 467 passengers, 51 more than on a current 747-400. The freighter version will offer 21 percent more lower-hold revenue cargo volume than the 747-400 and cost about 8 percent less per seat mile to operate, the company says.

A big part of the plane’s improved efficiency comes from an innovative wing design which features double-slotted flaps inboard, and single-slotted flaps outboard, fly-by-wire spoilers and outboard ailerons. The plane also features GEnx-2B67 engines, similar to the GEnx engines that will power the 787 Dreamliner. The engine features a high-pressure compressor that is the most efficient and compact GE has yet produced, Boeing says. The result is said to be high fuel efficiency and low noise.

Boeing said the 747-8F will offer the lowest cargo cost-per-mile in the business. It weighs 154 tons, has a range of 4,390 nautical miles, a height of 63 feet, 6 inches, a wing span of 224 feet, 7 inches, and a length of 250 feet, 2 inches. It can reach Mach 0.85

The Monday takeoff was delayed by nearly three hours by low cloud cover, and the flight was scheduled for about four hours in the air, with a series of initial tests intended to demonstrate the plane’s airworthiness.